Figure 4. TEC inhibits macrophage activation by activating PPARγ. (A) The primary culture of KCs was treated with LPS (0.1 µg/mL) with or without TEC (10 µM) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of macrophage activation markers (TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β and CCL2) and macrophage alternative activation markers (IL-10, Arg-1, Retnla, CD206 and CD163) were measured by qRT-PCR, n=5. (B) The primary culture of KCs was treated with TEC and/or GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist, 10 µm) for 24 h in the presence of LPS. The mRNA level of TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, CCL2, IL-10, Arg-1, Retnla and CD163 was determined by qRT-PCR, n=5. (C-D) KCs treated with shPPARγ, TEC and LPS as shown in the figure. C: representative images of western blot assay. D: the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, IL-10, Arg-1 and Retnla were detected by qRT-PCR, n=5. *p<0.05. The data represent the mean ± SD.