Study selection
Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) original research, (2) patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia, (3) reported incidences of clinical manifestations (including fever, headache, muscle ache, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, etc.) and/or complication (including ARDS, shock, acute cardiac injury, AKI, etc.), (4) Chinese or English. Disagreements pertaining to the inclusion of articles were resolved by discussion until a consensus was reached.
Two independent reviewers (Mingjin Y. and Yan Z.) extracted data in duplicate from included studies. The standard assessment tools were used for evaluation of the quality of included studies. Each included article was given a quality score (0 to 8) based on fulfillment of the quality criteria[15].