Ethics statement
The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal’s author guidelines page, have been adhered to and the appropriate ethical review committee approval has been received. This study was nested within the Zoonoses in Livestock in Kenya (ZooLinK) project. Tick, louse, flea, and blood samples were collected from cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs at LMs or presented for slaughter at SHs and approved by the International Livestock Research Institute Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (ref IACUC-RC 2017-04). Data from human owners of livestock was collected after approval by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Institutional Research Ethics Committee (ref ILRI-IREC 2017-08/2). Both committees are licensed by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) in Kenya.