Study site
The study was carried out in neighbouring counties, viz. Busia, Bungoma,
and Kakamega, in Western Kenya. This region, part of which shares
borders with Uganda, is representative of the larger Lake Victoria basin
ecosystem and has the highest rural human and livestock population
densities in East Africa. The predominant farming type is a mixed
smallholder livestock production system, though husbandry practices are
rapidly changing as production moves from largely subsistence to
increasing intensification, with consequent impacts on disease emergence
and transmission (Fèvre et al., 2017).