Transthoracic Echocardiography
Bedside transthoracic echocardiographic examinations were performed in all patients with the EPIQ ultrasound systems (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA). Limited 2D and Doppler echocardiography were performed based on the laboratory’s pandemic policy. Standard views were acquired to assess LV and RV function, valves (if indicated) and pericardial effusion. Left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume (ESV) and end-diastolic volume (EDV), and ejection fraction (EF) were measured by biplane Simpson’s method. RV size was determined from the apical 4-chamber view. Opacifying agents were used if more than 2 consecutive wall segments were not well visualized. Acquired Images were analyzed by two independent observers (SB and AS) blinded to clinical and outcomes data.