Transthoracic Echocardiography
Bedside transthoracic echocardiographic examinations were performed in
all patients with the EPIQ ultrasound systems (Philips Medical Systems,
Andover, MA, USA). Limited 2D and Doppler echocardiography were
performed based on the laboratory’s pandemic policy. Standard views were
acquired to assess LV and RV function, valves (if indicated) and
pericardial effusion. Left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume (ESV)
and end-diastolic volume (EDV), and ejection fraction (EF) were measured
by biplane Simpson’s method. RV size was determined from the apical
4-chamber view. Opacifying agents were used if more than 2 consecutive
wall segments were not well visualized. Acquired Images were analyzed by
two independent observers (SB and AS) blinded to clinical and outcomes
data.