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\begin{document}

\title{Climate explains population divergence in drought-induced plasticity of
functional traits and gene expression in a South African \emph{Protea}}



\author[1]{Melis Akman}%
\author[2]{Jane Carlson}%
\author[3]{Andrew Latimer}%
\affil[1]{UC Berkeley}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[3]{UC Davis}%


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  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Long term environmental variation often drives local adaptation and
leads to trait differentiation across populations. Additionally, when
traits change in an environment-dependent way through phenotypic
plasticity, the underlying genetic variation will also be under
selection, but only in the inducing environment. Both of these processes
will create a landscape of differentiation across populations in trait
means as well as their plasticity. However, studies uncovering
environmental drivers of this variation are scarce. With this work, we
studied drought responses in seedlings of a shrub species from the Cape
Floristic Region, the common sugarbush (\emph{Protea repens}). We
measured morphological and physiological traits as well as whole
transcriptomes in 8 populations that represent both the climatic and the
geographic distribution of this species. We found that there is
substantial variation in how populations respond to drought, but we also
observe common patterns such as reduced leaf size and thickness and
upregulation of stress- and down-regulation of growth-related gene
groups. Both environmental heterogeneity and milder source site climates
were associated with higher plasticity in various traits and
co-expression gene networks. By uncovering associations between traits,
trait plasticity, co-expression gene networks with source site climate,
we showed that temperature plays a bigger role in shaping these patterns
when compared to precipitation, in line with recent changes in the
region due to climate change. We also found that traits respond to
climatic variation in a context dependent manner: some associations
between traits and climate were apparent only under certain growing
conditions.%
\end{abstract}%



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