References
Beever, E.A., Hall, L.E., Varner, J., Loosen, A.E., Dunham, J.B., Gahl, M.K., Smith, F.A., Lawler, J.J. (2017). Behavioral flexibility as a mechanism for coping with climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15 (6): 299-308. DOI: 10.10002/fee.1502.
Beltran, R.S., Kirkham, A.L., Breed, G.A., Testa, J.W., Burns, J.M. (2019). Reproductive success delays moult phenology in a polar mammal.Scientific Reports 9: 5221.
Beltran, R.S., Burns, J.M., & Breed, G.A. (2018). Convergence of biannual moulting strategies across birds and mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1878): 20180318. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0318.
Berger, J. and Cunningham, C., (1994). Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations . Columbia University Press, New York.
Berger, J. (2018). Extreme Conservation: Life at the Edges of the World . University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Berger, J., Hartway, C., Gruzdev, A., Johnson, M. (2018). Climate degradation and extreme icing events constrain life in cold-adapted mammals. Scientific Reports 8: 1156.
Chadwick, D. (2002). A Beast the Color of Winter: The Mountain Goat Observed . University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Cohen, J.M., Lajeunesse, M.J., Rohr, J.R. (2018). A global synthesis of animal phenological responses to climate change. Nature Climate Change 8: 224-228. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0067-3.
Clutton-Brock, T.H., Iason, G.R., Albon, S.D., Guinness, F.E. (1982). Effects of lactation on feeding behaviour and habitat use in wild red deer hinds. Journal of Zoology 198: 227-236.
Déry, F., Hamel, S., Côté, S.D. (2019). Getting ready for the winter: timing and determinants of molt in an alpine ungulate. Ecology and Evolution 9 (5): 2920-2932. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4970.
Dickinson, J. L., Zuckerberg, B. and Bonter D. N. (2010). Citizen Science as an Ecological Research Tool: Challenges and Benefits.Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41: 149-172.
Festa-Bianchet, M. & Côté, S.D. (2008). Mountain Goats: Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation of an Alpine Ungulate . Island Press, Washington D.C.
Foresman, K.R. (2012). Mammals of Montana . Second Edition. Montana Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana.
Hetem, R.S., Fuller, A., Maloney, S.K., Mitchell, D. (2014). Responses of large mammals to climate change. Temperature 1: 115-127.
Hodkinson, I. D. (2005). Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biological Reviews80: 489–513.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). (2008).Oreamnos americanus , shapefile. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed February 2020.
Horton, K.G., La Sorte, F.A., Sheldon, D. et al.  (2020). Phenology of nocturnal avian migration has shifted at the continental scale. Nat. Clim. Chang.  10: 63–68. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0648-9.
Lackey, C.W., Beckmann, J.P. and Sedinger, J. (2013). Bear historical ranges revisited: Documenting the increase of a once‐extirpated population in Nevada. J. Wildl. Manag . 77: 812-820.
Lincoln, G. A., Ebling, F. J. P. (1985). Effect of constant-release implants of melatonin on seasonal cycles in reproduction, prolactin secretion and moulting in rams. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 73: 241-253.
Mayor, S.J., Guralnick, R.P., Tingley, M.W., Otegui, J., Withey, J.C., Elmendorf, S.C., Andrew, M.E., Leyk, S., Pearse, I.S., Schneider, D.C. (2017). Increasing phenological asynchrony between spring green-up and arrival of migratory birds. Scientific Reports 7: 1902. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02045-z.
Mills, S.L., Zimova, M., Oyler, J., Running, S., Abatzoglou, J.T., Lukacs, P.M. (2013). Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (18): 7360-7365. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222724110.
Mo, G., Gili, C., Ferrando, P. (2006). Do photoperiod and temperature influence the molt cycle of Phoca vitulina in captivity?Marine Mammal Science 16(3): 570-577. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00952.x
Moyer-Horner, L., Smith, M.M., Belt, J. (2012). Citizen science and observer variability during American pika surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management 76: 1472-1479. DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.373
Mullen, K. C., Newman, G. and Thompson, J. L. (2013). Facilitating the development and evaluation of a citizen science web site: A case study of repeat photography and climate change in southwest Alaska’s national parks. Applied Environmental Education & Communication 12(4): 261-271. DOI: 10.1080/1533015X.2013.876302.
Murray, D.M. (1965). A field study of coat shedding in cattle under conditions of equal day-length but different temperatures. TheJournal of Agricultural Science 65(3): 295-300. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600048863.
Nakagawa, S. (2015). Missing data: mechanisms, methods, and messages. In, Ecological statistics: contemporary theory and application . Fox, G.A., Negrete-Yankelevich, S., and Sosa, V. J. (Eds.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Pedersen, S., Odden, M., Pedersen, H.C. (2017). Climate change induced molting mismatch? Mountain hare abundance reduced by duration of snow cover and predator abundance. Ecosphere 8(3): e01722. DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1722.
Post, E. and Forchhammer, M.C. (2008). Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363: 2369-2375.
Richards, S. A. (2008). Dealing with overdispersed count data in applied ecology. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 218–227.
Rofkar, T. (2014). Managing and harvesting mountain goats for traditional purposes by indigenous user groups. 19thBienn. Symp. North. Wild Sheep and Goat Council: 37-41.
Ryder, M.L. (1965). Wool fibre shedding and seasonal variation in wool growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 58(10): 806-808.
Sarmento W., Biel M., Berger J. (2019). Seeking snow and breathing hard – Behavioral tactics in high elevation mammals to combat warming temperatures. Plos One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225456.
Staudinger, M.D., Mills, K.E., Stamieszkin, K., Record, N.R., Hudak, C.A., Allyn, A., et al. (2019). It’s about time: a synthesis of changing phenology in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. Fisheries Oceanography  28: 1–34. DOI: 10.1111/fog.12429.
Stewart, J.E., Illian, J.G., Richards, S.A., Gutierrez, D., and Wilson, R.J. (2019). Linking inter-annual variation in environment, phenology, and abundance for a montane butterfly community. Ecology 00(00): e02906. 10.1002/ecy.2906.
Taylor, S. D., Meiners, J. M., Riemer, K., Orr, M.C., and White, E.P. (2019). Comparison of large-scale citizen science data and long-term study data for phenology modeling. Ecology 100(2):e02568. 10.1002/ecy.2568.
Vieira, B.P., Furness, R.W., Nager, R.G. (2017). Using field photography to study avian molt. IBIS 159(2): 443-448. DOI:10.1111/ibi.12445.
White, K.S., Gregovich, D.P., Levi, T. (2018). Projecting the future of an alpine ungulate under climate change scenarios. Global Change Biology 24: 1136-1149. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13919.
Wilkinson, P.F. (1974). Wool shedding in musk oxen. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 6: 127-141.
Zimova, M., Mills, S.L., Lukacs, P.M., Mitchell, M.S. (2014). Snowshoe hares display limited phenotypic plasticity to mismatch in seasonal camouflage. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281(1782). DOI:
10.1098/rspb.2014.0029.
Zimova, M., Hacklander, K., Good, J.M., Melo-Ferreira, J., Alves, P.C., Mills, S.L. (2018). Function and underlying mechanisms of seasonal colour moulting in mammals and birds: what keeps them changing in a warming world? Biological Reviews 93: 1478-1498.