References
Beever, E.A., Hall, L.E., Varner, J., Loosen, A.E., Dunham, J.B., Gahl,
M.K., Smith, F.A., Lawler, J.J. (2017). Behavioral flexibility as a
mechanism for coping with climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and
the Environment 15 (6): 299-308. DOI: 10.10002/fee.1502.
Beltran, R.S., Kirkham, A.L., Breed, G.A., Testa, J.W., Burns, J.M.
(2019). Reproductive success delays moult phenology in a polar mammal.Scientific Reports 9: 5221.
Beltran, R.S., Burns, J.M., & Breed, G.A. (2018). Convergence of
biannual moulting strategies across birds and mammals. Proceedings
of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1878): 20180318. DOI:
10.1098/rspb.2018.0318.
Berger, J. and Cunningham, C., (1994). Bison: Mating and
Conservation in Small Populations . Columbia University Press, New York.
Berger, J. (2018). Extreme Conservation: Life at the Edges of the
World . University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Berger, J., Hartway, C., Gruzdev, A., Johnson, M. (2018). Climate
degradation and extreme icing events constrain life in cold-adapted
mammals. Scientific Reports 8: 1156.
Chadwick, D. (2002). A Beast the Color of Winter: The Mountain
Goat Observed . University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Cohen, J.M., Lajeunesse, M.J., Rohr, J.R. (2018). A global synthesis of
animal phenological responses to climate change. Nature Climate
Change 8: 224-228. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0067-3.
Clutton-Brock, T.H., Iason, G.R., Albon, S.D., Guinness, F.E. (1982).
Effects of lactation on feeding behaviour and habitat use in wild red
deer hinds. Journal of Zoology 198: 227-236.
Déry, F., Hamel, S., Côté, S.D. (2019). Getting ready for the winter:
timing and determinants of molt in an alpine ungulate. Ecology and
Evolution 9 (5): 2920-2932. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4970.
Dickinson, J. L., Zuckerberg, B. and Bonter D. N. (2010). Citizen
Science as an Ecological Research Tool: Challenges and Benefits.Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41: 149-172.
Festa-Bianchet, M. & Côté, S.D. (2008). Mountain Goats: Ecology,
Behavior, and Conservation of an Alpine Ungulate . Island Press,
Washington D.C.
Foresman, K.R. (2012). Mammals of Montana . Second Edition.
Montana Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana.
Hetem, R.S., Fuller, A., Maloney, S.K., Mitchell, D. (2014). Responses
of large mammals to climate change. Temperature 1: 115-127.
Hodkinson, I. D. (2005). Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients:
species and community responses to altitude. Biological Reviews80: 489–513.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). (2008).Oreamnos americanus , shapefile. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. Accessed February 2020.
Horton, K.G., La Sorte, F.A., Sheldon, D. et al. (2020).
Phenology of nocturnal avian migration has shifted at the continental
scale. Nat. Clim. Chang. 10: 63–68. DOI:
10.1038/s41558-019-0648-9.
Lackey, C.W., Beckmann, J.P. and Sedinger, J. (2013). Bear historical
ranges revisited: Documenting the increase of a once‐extirpated
population in Nevada. J. Wildl. Manag . 77: 812-820.
Lincoln, G. A., Ebling, F. J. P. (1985). Effect of constant-release
implants of melatonin on seasonal cycles in reproduction, prolactin
secretion and moulting in rams. Journal of Reproduction and
Fertility 73: 241-253.
Mayor, S.J., Guralnick, R.P., Tingley, M.W., Otegui, J., Withey, J.C.,
Elmendorf, S.C., Andrew, M.E., Leyk, S., Pearse, I.S., Schneider, D.C.
(2017). Increasing phenological asynchrony between spring green-up and
arrival of migratory birds. Scientific Reports 7: 1902. DOI:
10.1038/s41598-017-02045-z.
Mills, S.L., Zimova, M., Oyler, J., Running, S., Abatzoglou, J.T.,
Lukacs, P.M. (2013). Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to
decreased snow duration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
110 (18): 7360-7365. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222724110.
Mo, G., Gili, C., Ferrando, P. (2006). Do photoperiod and temperature
influence the molt cycle of Phoca vitulina in captivity?Marine Mammal Science 16(3): 570-577. DOI:
10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00952.x
Moyer-Horner, L., Smith, M.M., Belt, J. (2012). Citizen science and
observer variability during American pika surveys. Journal of
Wildlife Management 76: 1472-1479. DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.373
Mullen, K. C., Newman, G. and Thompson, J. L. (2013). Facilitating the
development and evaluation of a citizen science web site: A case study
of repeat photography and climate change in southwest Alaska’s national
parks. Applied Environmental Education & Communication 12(4):
261-271. DOI: 10.1080/1533015X.2013.876302.
Murray, D.M. (1965). A field study of coat shedding in cattle under
conditions of equal day-length but different temperatures. TheJournal of Agricultural Science 65(3): 295-300. DOI:
10.1017/S0021859600048863.
Nakagawa, S. (2015). Missing data: mechanisms, methods, and messages.
In, Ecological statistics: contemporary theory and application .
Fox, G.A., Negrete-Yankelevich, S., and Sosa, V. J. (Eds.) Oxford
University Press, Oxford, UK.
Pedersen, S., Odden, M., Pedersen, H.C. (2017). Climate change induced
molting mismatch? Mountain hare abundance reduced by duration of snow
cover and predator abundance. Ecosphere 8(3): e01722. DOI:
10.1002/ecs2.1722.
Post, E. and Forchhammer, M.C. (2008). Climate change reduces
reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363: 2369-2375.
Richards, S. A. (2008). Dealing with overdispersed count data in applied
ecology. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 218–227.
Rofkar, T. (2014). Managing and harvesting mountain goats for
traditional purposes by indigenous user groups. 19thBienn. Symp. North. Wild Sheep and Goat Council: 37-41.
Ryder, M.L. (1965). Wool fibre shedding and seasonal variation in wool
growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 58(10):
806-808.
Sarmento W., Biel M., Berger J. (2019). Seeking snow and breathing hard
– Behavioral tactics in high elevation mammals to combat warming
temperatures. Plos One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225456.
Staudinger, M.D., Mills, K.E., Stamieszkin, K., Record, N.R., Hudak,
C.A., Allyn, A., et al. (2019). It’s about time: a synthesis of changing
phenology in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. Fisheries
Oceanography 28: 1–34. DOI: 10.1111/fog.12429.
Stewart, J.E., Illian, J.G., Richards, S.A., Gutierrez, D., and Wilson,
R.J. (2019). Linking inter-annual variation in environment, phenology,
and abundance for a montane butterfly community. Ecology 00(00):
e02906. 10.1002/ecy.2906.
Taylor, S. D., Meiners, J. M., Riemer, K., Orr, M.C., and White, E.P.
(2019). Comparison of large-scale citizen science data and long-term
study data for phenology modeling. Ecology 100(2):e02568.
10.1002/ecy.2568.
Vieira, B.P., Furness, R.W., Nager, R.G. (2017). Using field photography
to study avian molt. IBIS 159(2): 443-448. DOI:10.1111/ibi.12445.
White, K.S., Gregovich, D.P., Levi, T. (2018). Projecting the future of
an alpine ungulate under climate change scenarios. Global Change
Biology 24: 1136-1149. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13919.
Wilkinson, P.F. (1974). Wool shedding in musk oxen. Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society 6: 127-141.
Zimova, M., Mills, S.L., Lukacs, P.M., Mitchell, M.S. (2014). Snowshoe
hares display limited phenotypic plasticity to mismatch in seasonal
camouflage. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281(1782). DOI:
10.1098/rspb.2014.0029.
Zimova, M., Hacklander, K., Good, J.M., Melo-Ferreira, J., Alves, P.C.,
Mills, S.L. (2018). Function and underlying mechanisms of seasonal
colour moulting in mammals and birds: what keeps them changing in a
warming world? Biological Reviews 93: 1478-1498.