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\begin{document}

\title{Column Relative Humidity and Primary Condensation Rate as Two Useful
Supplements to Atmospheric River Analysis}



\author[1,1]{Ruping Mo}%
\author[2,2]{Rita So}%
\author[2,2]{Melinda M. Brugman}%
\author[1,1]{Curtis Mooney}%
\author[2,2]{Anthony Q. Liu}%
\author[3,3]{Matthias Jakob}%
\author[4,4]{Armel Castellan}%
\author[5,5]{Roxanne Vingarzan}%
\affil[1]{National Laboratory-West, Environment and Climate Change Canada}%
\affil[2]{National Laboratory-West}%
\affil[3]{BGC Engineering Inc.}%
\affil[4]{Client Services}%
\affil[5]{Applied Sciences, PSOW, Environment and Climate Change Canada}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs) frequently trigger heavy and
sometimes prolonged precipitation, especially in regions with favored
orographic enhancement. The presence and strength of ARs are often
described using the integrated water vapor (IWV) and the integrated
vapor transport (IVT). However, the associated precipitation is not
directly correlated with these two variables. Instead, the intensity of
precipitation is mainly determined by the net convergence of moisture
flux and the initial degree of saturation of the air column. In this
study, a simple algorithm is proposed for estimating the heavy
precipitation attributable to the IVT convergence. Bearing a strong
resemblance to the Kuo-Anthes parameterization scheme for cumulus
convection, the proposed algorithm calculates the large-scale primary
condensation rate (PCR) as a proportion of the IVT convergence, with a
reduction to account for the general moistening in the atmosphere. The
amount of reduction is determined by the column relative humidity (CRH),
which is defined as the ratio of IWV to its saturation counterpart. Our
analysis indicates that the diagnosable PCR compares well to the
forecast precipitation rate given by a numerical weather prediction
model. It is also shown that the PCR in an air column with CRH
\textless{} 0.50 is negligibly small. The usefulness of CRH and PCR as
two complements to standard AR analysis is illustrated in three case
studies. The potential application of PCR to storm classification is
also explored.%
\end{abstract}%



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